## Rings with identity

Abbreviation: Rng$_1$

### Definition

A ring with identity is a structure $\mathbf{R}=\langle R,+,-,0,\cdot,1 \rangle$ of type $\langle 2,1,0,2,0\rangle$ such that

$\langle R,+,-,0,\cdot\rangle$ is a ring

$1$ is an identity for $\cdot$: $x\cdot 1=x$, $1\cdot x=x$

##### Morphisms

Let $\mathbf{R}$ and $\mathbf{S}$ be rings with identity. A morphism from $\mathbf{R}$ to $\mathbf{S}$ is a function $h:R\rightarrow S$ that is a homomorphism:

$h(x+y)=h(x)+h(y)$, $h(x\cdot y)=h(x)\cdot h(y)$, $h(1)=1$

Remark: It follows that $h(0)=0$ and $h(-x)=-h(x)$.

### Examples

Example 1: $\langle\mathbb{Z},+,-,0,\cdot,1\rangle$, the ring of integers with addition, subtraction, zero, multiplication, and one.

### Basic results

$0$ is a zero for $\cdot$: $0\cdot x=0$ and $x\cdot 0=0$.

### Properties

Classtype variety decidable undecidable no unbounded no yes yes, $n=2$ yes yes

### Finite members

$\begin{array}{lr} f(1)= &1\\ f(2)= &1\\ f(3)= &1\\ f(4)= &4\\ f(5)= &1\\ f(6)= &1\\ \end{array}$