Table of Contents
Heyting algebras
Abbreviation: HA
Definition
A \emph{Heyting algebra} is a structure $\mathbf{A}=\langle A,\vee ,0,\wedge ,1,\to \rangle $ such that
$\langle A,\vee ,0,\wedge ,1\rangle $ is a bounded distributive lattice
$\to$ gives the residual of $\wedge$: $x\wedge y\leq z\Longleftrightarrow y\leq x\to z$
Definition
A \emph{Heyting algebra} is a FLew-algebra $\mathbf{A}=\langle A,\vee ,0,\wedge ,1,\cdot ,\to \rangle $ such that
$x\wedge y=x\cdot y$
Morphisms
Let $\mathbf{A}$ and $\mathbf{B}$ be Heyting algebras. A morphism from $\mathbf{A}$ to $\mathbf{B}$ is a function $h:A\to B$ that is a homomorphism:
$h(x\vee y)=h(x)\vee h(y)$, $h(0)=0$, $h(x\wedge y)=h(x)\wedge h(y)$, $h(1)=1$, $h(x\to y)=h(x)\to h(y)$
Examples
Example 1: The open sets of any topological space $\mathbf X$ form a Heyting algebra under the operations of union $\cup$, empty set $\emptyset$, intersection $\cap$, whole space $X$, and the operation $U\to V=$ interior of $(X - U)\cup V$.
Example 2: Any frame can be expanded to a unique Heyting algebra by defining $x\to y = \bigvee\{z:x\wedge z\le y\}$.
Basic results
Any finite distributive lattice is the reduct of a unique Heyting algebra. More generally the same result holds for any complete and completely distributive lattice.
A Heyting algebra is subdirectly irreducible if and only if it has a unique coatom.
Properties
Classtype | variety |
---|---|
Equational theory | decidable |
Quasiequational theory | decidable |
First-order theory | undecidable |
Locally finite | no |
Residual size | unbounded |
Congruence distributive | yes |
Congruence modular | yes |
Congruence n-permutable | yes, $n=2$ |
Congruence e-regular | yes, $e=1$ |
Congruence uniform | no |
Congruence extension property | yes |
Definable principal congruences | yes |
Equationally def. pr. cong. | yes |
Amalgamation property | yes |
Strong amalgamation property | yes |
Epimorphisms are surjective | yes |
Finite members
$\begin{array}{lr}
f(1)= &1
f(2)= &1
f(3)= &1
f(4)= &2
f(5)= &3
f(6)= &5
f(7)= &8
f(8)= &15
f(9)= &26
f(10)= &47
f(11)= &82
f(12)= &151
f(13)= &269
f(14)= &494
f(15)= &891
f(16)= &1639
f(17)= &2978
f(18)= &5483
f(19)= &10006
f(20)= &18428
\end{array}$
Values known up to size 49 1)